Hi [mein Vorname]
WFC does not block or allow any connection. In Windows 10/11, Windows Update does not operate only under the wuauserv service like it used in Windows 7/8/8.1. There are multiple services involved in this. This is why I recommend to leave svchost.exe to connect over port 80,443 so that Windows can connect. svchost.exe is a legitimate process used by Microsoft services only. You need a rule that is not service specific for Windows Update to properly work. The same applies for Windows Store.
My impression is that an initial check for updates is made under wuauserv service. Then it makes several calls by spawning new svchost.exe processes which do not use the wuauserv service anymore. These are not allowed, then the initial connection appears as a dropped connection (blocked) in Security event log, even if there is an allow rule for wuauserv service. This might be just another thing from Microsoft to ensure the users will not block their countless telemetry collection, or a bug in how Windows Update is supposed to check for updates. Either way, WFC does not block or allow any connection, since it doesn't do any packet filtering. Any allowed or blocked connection is made by Windows Firewall itself based on the existing firewall rules.
Use Connections Log to debug connectivity problems. WFC works as expected from your description.
This is a working rule for Windows Update:
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However, if you use a VPN, this might not work. Some VPN applications are incompatible with Windows Firewall, not WFC.
Best regards,
[Name des Support-MA]